Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8390 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and November 21, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 5.89% are Black/African American, 11.75% are LatinX, and 20.95% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2235)\)
  • No \((N = 4973)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 975)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 188)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.10 .755
Intend to apply 0.88 .347
No 6.84 .009
Yes 5.32 .021

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.27 .607
Intend to apply 0.00 .982
No 1.68 .195
Yes 3.58 .059

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.21 .649
Intend to apply 3.71 .054
No 2.54 .111
Yes 0.48 .489

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.23 .633
Intend to apply 0.18 .674
No 0.03 .864
Yes 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.97 .161
Intend to apply 12.94 < .001
No 43.36 < .001
Yes 50.72 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 .954
Intend to apply 0.39 .532
No 2.44 .119
Yes 2.00 .157

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 36.73 < .001
Intend to apply 23.25 < .001
No 836.19 < .001
Yes 1229.62 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 38.56 < .001
Intend to apply 28.45 < .001
No 936.48 < .001
Yes 1343.50 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 37.81 < .001
Intend to apply 34.39 < .001
No 858.20 < .001
Yes 1244.77 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 39.86 < .001
Intend to apply 25.44 < .001
No 848.83 < .001
Yes 1251.96 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 39.86 < .001
Intend to apply 25.44 < .001
No 848.83 < .001
Yes 1251.96 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1137)\)
  • Food \((N = 1531)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 456)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 185)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 38)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 138)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 56)\)
  • Other \((N = 21)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.27 .602
Food 7.20 .007
Income 0.70 .403
Disability 0.53 .466
Military pension 1.45 .228
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.42 .516
Military 0.20 .656
Housing 0.57 .452
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.24 .626

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.00 > .999
Food 1.25 .265
Income 0.55 .460
Disability 3.88 .049
Military pension 0.00 .998
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.99 .319
Military 0.69 .405
Housing 0.34 .558
Childcare 3.84 .050
Other 0.00 > .999

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 2.77 .096
Food 0.78 .378
Income 9.13 .003
Disability 1.33 .249
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.27 .605
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.03 .872
Housing 0.00 > .999
Childcare 4.26 .039
Other 0.00 > .999

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 4.23 .040
Food 1.04 .307
Income 5.78 .016
Disability 0.00 .985
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 .971
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 1.43 .231
Housing 0.04 .848
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.00 .945

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 8.78 .003
Food 52.35 < .001
Income 10.32 .001
Disability 10.17 .001
Military pension 0.69 .408
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 2.27 .132
Housing 0.00 .996
Childcare 9.80 .002
Other 0.01 .913

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 0.53 .465
Food 3.94 .047
Income 0.46 .496
Disability 0.35 .552
Military pension 0.07 .787
Military disability 0.52 .471
Military medical 0.00 .963
Military 0.02 .892
Housing 0.86 .355
Childcare 1.56 .211
Other 0.18 .671

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 559.35 < .001
Food 1238.39 < .001
Income 109.94 < .001
Disability 138.14 < .001
Military disability 0.03 .856
Military medical 0.06 .805
Military 1.07 .301
Housing 29.65 < .001
Childcare 18.61 < .001
Other 2.62 .106

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 603.77 < .001
Food 1335.23 < .001
Income 230.12 < .001
Disability 162.43 < .001
Military disability 2.04 .564
Military medical 1.54 .673
Military 2.88 .411
Housing 35.01 < .001
Childcare 28.10 < .001
Other 4.71 .194

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 564.89 < .001
Food 1253.43 < .001
Income 118.83 < .001
Disability 148.83 < .001
Military disability 1.00 .801
Military medical 1.20 .753
Military 4.47 .215
Housing 32.70 < .001
Childcare 22.01 < .001
Other 3.91 .272

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 587.17 < .001
Food 1247.87 < .001
Income 114.82 < .001
Disability 150.40 < .001
Military disability 9.82 .020
Military medical 1.53 .676
Military 3.07 .381
Housing 35.99 < .001
Childcare 27.29 < .001
Other 7.32 .062

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 580.19 < .001
Food 1228.83 < .001
Income 111.55 < .001
Disability 139.45 < .001
Military disability 1.36 .715
Military medical 2.42 .490
Military 1.36 .715
Housing 29.55 < .001
Childcare 20.00 < .001
Other 4.02 .259

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3039)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 213)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 353)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 108)\)
  • Other \((N = 52)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.27 .601
No, not expected 0.06 .812
Other 0.03 .873
Unsure 0.33 .566
Yes 0.07 .787

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.06 .804
No, not expected 16.97 < .001
Other 0.37 .543
Unsure 0.00 .955
Yes 11.57 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.16 .691
No, not expected 0.82 .366
Other 0.11 .737
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 1.31 .252

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.27 .607
No, not expected 10.19 .001
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 0.15 .697
Yes 8.51 .004

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 8.50 .004
No, not expected 1.04 .307
Other 0.02 .901
Unsure 12.58 < .001
Yes 4.88 .027

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.21 .648
No, not expected 6.48 .011
Other 0.00 > .999
Unsure 4.27 .039
Yes 6.44 .011

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.06 .804
No, not expected 0.12 .732
Other 19.62 < .001
Unsure 8.84 .003
Yes 5.61 .018

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.90 .594
No, not expected 1.65 .649
Other 21.38 < .001
Unsure 14.71 .002
Yes 6.64 .084

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 7.02 .071
No, not expected 1.54 .674
Other 21.29 < .001
Unsure 26.55 < .001
Yes 12.20 .007

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.76 .860
No, not expected 5.99 .112
Other 21.08 < .001
Unsure 11.15 .011
Yes 10.43 .015

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.76 .860
No, not expected 5.99 .112
Other 21.08 < .001
Unsure 11.15 .011
Yes 10.43 .015

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3680)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3567)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1099)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.47 .019
Increased 7.36 .007
Stayed the same 0.25 .616

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.03 .311
Increased 0.55 .459
Stayed the same 2.37 .124

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.08 .043
Increased 0.98 .323
Stayed the same 1.78 .182

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.54 .060
Increased 1.78 .182
Stayed the same 0.94 .333

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 16.44 < .001
Increased 3.64 .056
Stayed the same 6.78 .009

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 28.88 < .001
Increased 1.33 .248
Stayed the same 20.27 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 115.38 < .001
Increased 2.35 .126
Stayed the same 141.41 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 261.14 < .001
Increased 15.08 .002
Stayed the same 237.95 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 114.09 < .001
Increased 6.04 .110
Stayed the same 141.41 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 123.09 < .001
Increased 3.35 .340
Stayed the same 146.85 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 123.09 < .001
Increased 3.35 .340
Stayed the same 146.85 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2451)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4230)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1267)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 434)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 24.24 < .001
Minor 0.08 .776
Major 22.30 < .001
Extreme 2.52 .112

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 5.65 .017
Minor 0.01 .917
Major 1.54 .215
Extreme 6.22 .013

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.27 .132
Minor 0.00 .992
Major 4.49 .034
Extreme 0.18 .675

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.91 .088
Minor 0.02 .880
Major 4.38 .036
Extreme 0.08 .776

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 32.15 < .001
Minor 0.00 > .999
Major 12.35 < .001
Extreme 32.72 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 53.79 < .001
Minor 15.54 < .001
Major 12.63 < .001
Extreme 0.01 .914

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 558.75 < .001
Minor 1.23 .268
Major 339.65 < .001
Extreme 252.40 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 643.66 < .001
Minor 39.57 < .001
Major 442.29 < .001
Extreme 345.43 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 575.50 < .001
Minor 5.48 .140
Major 347.58 < .001
Extreme 267.98 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.079
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.229
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 587.21 < .001
Minor 13.02 .005
Major 341.98 < .001
Extreme 266.81 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.079
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.229
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 587.21 < .001
Minor 13.02 .005
Major 341.98 < .001
Extreme 266.81 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5921)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2463)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 10.02 .002
Yes 10.02 .002

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 3.34 .068
Yes 3.34 .068

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0.35 .554
Yes 0.35 .554

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 4.69 .030
Yes 4.69 .030

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.32 .251
Yes 1.32 .251

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 20.56 < .001
Yes 20.56 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 57.25 < .001
Yes 57.25 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 96.25 < .001
Yes 96.25 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 68.31 < .001
Yes 68.31 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 70.95 < .001
Yes 70.95 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 70.95 < .001
Yes 70.95 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 6617)\)
  • Yes \((N = 746)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.47 .063
Yes 3.47 .063

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.06 .809
Yes 0.06 .809

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.46 .498
Yes 0.46 .498

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.35 .246
Yes 1.35 .246

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.07 .791
Yes 0.07 .791

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 20.88 < .001
Yes 20.88 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 44.15 < .001
Yes 44.15 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 81.93 < .001
Yes 81.93 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 51.2 < .001
Yes 51.2 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 53.67 < .001
Yes 53.67 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 53.67 < .001
Yes 53.67 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 174)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 157)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 265)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1887)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 161)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 174)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 430)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.39 .122
Time away from work 0.03 .860
Inability find childcare 0.24 .623
Concern for covid 1.87 .172
Caring for family 0.47 .495
Vaccine hesitancy 0.11 .740
Other 19.88 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.07 .791
Time away from work 1.76 .184
Inability find childcare 1.47 .225
Concern for covid 2.51 .113
Caring for family 0.72 .396
Vaccine hesitancy 0.51 .474
Other 0.10 .752

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.93 .165
Time away from work 2.15 .143
Inability find childcare 0.57 .450
Concern for covid 0.62 .430
Caring for family 8.38 .004
Vaccine hesitancy 0.73 .393
Other 2.48 .115

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .951
Time away from work 0.08 .779
Inability find childcare 0.00 > .999
Concern for covid 0.35 .556
Caring for family 0.45 .503
Vaccine hesitancy 0.14 .708
Other 9.96 .002

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.02 .889
Time away from work 6.45 .011
Inability find childcare 1.53 .216
Concern for covid 3.86 .050
Caring for family 3.14 .076
Vaccine hesitancy 2.23 .136
Other 8.16 .004

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 4.09 .043
Time away from work 1.63 .202
Inability find childcare 2.31 .129
Concern for covid 31.14 < .001
Caring for family 0.71 .400
Vaccine hesitancy 0.00 > .999
Other 6.35 .012

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 12.42 < .001
Time away from work 10.56 .001
Inability find childcare 45.82 < .001
Concern for covid 48.86 < .001
Caring for family 31.74 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 17.97 < .001
Other 0.60 .438

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 19.01 < .001
Time away from work 17.21 .001
Inability find childcare 58.09 < .001
Concern for covid 75.86 < .001
Caring for family 52.70 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 31.32 < .001
Other 6.71 .082

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 14.19 .003
Time away from work 19.58 < .001
Inability find childcare 49.35 < .001
Concern for covid 60.64 < .001
Caring for family 34.61 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 21.34 < .001
Other 9.49 .023

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 13.62 .003
Time away from work 12.67 .005
Inability find childcare 49.38 < .001
Concern for covid 71.60 < .001
Caring for family 35.68 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.34 < .001
Other 6.14 .105

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 17.09 .001
Time away from work 11.47 .009
Inability find childcare 49.95 < .001
Concern for covid 53.31 < .001
Caring for family 34.65 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.31 < .001
Other 18.75 < .001

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2462)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1187)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3428)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 352)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.94 .332
No, not eligible 7.34 .007
Unsure 0.06 .814
Yes 12.54 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.85 .016
No, not eligible 3.60 .058
Unsure 0.43 .510
Yes 0.18 .669

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.41 .020
No, not eligible 24.08 < .001
Unsure 0.07 .798
Yes 10.45 .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.39 .534
No, not eligible 0.51 .475
Unsure 0.39 .534
Yes 2.51 .113

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.82 .051
No, not eligible 84.28 < .001
Unsure 0.41 .521
Yes 73.42 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 9.45 .002
No, not eligible 72.26 < .001
Unsure 3.64 .056
Yes 33.06 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.22 .642
No, not eligible 1320.86 < .001
Unsure 12.22 < .001
Yes 1440.95 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.34 .148
No, not eligible 1384.72 < .001
Unsure 22.53 < .001
Yes 1489.10 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 12.19 .007
No, not eligible 1345.53 < .001
Unsure 13.06 .005
Yes 1452.41 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 11.98 .007
No, not eligible 1352.62 < .001
Unsure 14.90 .002
Yes 1459.00 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 11.98 .007
No, not eligible 1352.62 < .001
Unsure 14.90 .002
Yes 1459.00 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1303)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1856)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1303)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1312)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 115)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 497)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.99 .158
No, didn’t know how 1.82 .177
No, not available 10.71 .001
No, planned 1.27 .260
Yes 15.06 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.95 .162
No, didn’t know how 0.85 .357
No, not available 3.39 .066
No, planned 0.82 .364
Yes 12.66 < .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 3.37 .067
No, didn’t know how 0.97 .324
No, not available 13.86 < .001
No, planned 1.93 .165
Yes 2.78 .095

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.91 .088
No, didn’t know how 2.61 .106
No, not available 2.14 .143
No, planned 1.01 .315
Yes 0.64 .425

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.68 .031
No, didn’t know how 1.09 .297
No, not available 19.53 < .001
No, planned 12.85 < .001
Yes 9.29 .002

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.35 .557
No, didn’t know how 4.25 .039
No, not available 49.77 < .001
No, planned 57.25 < .001
Yes 1.26 .262

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.12 .727
No, didn’t know how 15.13 < .001
No, not available 528.29 < .001
No, planned 222.68 < .001
Yes 116.33 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.12 .727
No, didn’t know how 15.13 < .001
No, not available 528.29 < .001
No, planned 222.68 < .001
Yes 116.33 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.96 .581
No, didn’t know how 17.34 .001
No, not available 564.91 < .001
No, planned 243.95 < .001
Yes 120.24 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 9.42 .024
No, didn’t know how 18.95 < .001
No, not available 531.41 < .001
No, planned 227.05 < .001
Yes 121.33 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.18 .535
No, didn’t know how 19.70 < .001
No, not available 541.03 < .001
No, planned 258.27 < .001
Yes 117.21 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.18 .535
No, didn’t know how 19.70 < .001
No, not available 541.03 < .001
No, planned 258.27 < .001
Yes 117.21 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 649)\)
  • Hard \((N = 894)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4678)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 34.74 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.78 .001
Hard 5.77 .016
Very hard 7.64 .006

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 2.84 .092
Somewhat hard 0.22 .637
Hard 0.04 .833
Very hard 6.96 .008

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 11.51 .001
Somewhat hard 8.09 .004
Hard 0.20 .657
Very hard 1.03 .310

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 3.50 .061
Somewhat hard 0.44 .505
Hard 6.21 .013
Very hard 0.22 .637

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 61.86 < .001
Somewhat hard 19.59 < .001
Hard 8.80 .003
Very hard 14.71 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 70.10 < .001
Somewhat hard 32.32 < .001
Hard 13.74 < .001
Very hard 3.48 .062

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1023.00 < .001
Somewhat hard 208.80 < .001
Hard 256.05 < .001
Very hard 321.91 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1149.36 < .001
Somewhat hard 247.31 < .001
Hard 278.71 < .001
Very hard 404.75 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1055.13 < .001
Somewhat hard 220.70 < .001
Hard 273.16 < .001
Very hard 324.83 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1057.84 < .001
Somewhat hard 224.67 < .001
Hard 267.39 < .001
Very hard 328.89 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1057.84 < .001
Somewhat hard 224.67 < .001
Hard 267.39 < .001
Very hard 328.89 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1801)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1953)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 884)\)
  • Social \((N = 767)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 847)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 786)\)
  • Other \((N = 245)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 7.38 .007
House 12.45 < .001
Utilities 35.47 < .001
Healthcare 29.81 < .001
Social 0.08 .772
Emotional 0.43 .513
Childcare 15.42 < .001
Other 1.91 .166

West

key statistic p.value
Food 0.19 .662
House 0.12 .730
Utilities 11.98 .001
Healthcare 0.73 .394
Social 0.93 .335
Emotional 0.03 .868
Childcare 0.00 .988
Other 0.00 > .999

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 9.27 .002
House 3.51 .061
Utilities 3.21 .073
Healthcare 28.84 < .001
Social 1.64 .200
Emotional 3.78 .052
Childcare 15.79 < .001
Other 0.37 .545

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 0.00 .969
House 7.03 .008
Utilities 2.27 .131
Healthcare 0.26 .613
Social 0.20 .657
Emotional 1.23 .268
Childcare 0.71 .399
Other 0.96 .326

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 21.95 < .001
House 21.75 < .001
Utilities 30.27 < .001
Healthcare 1.12 .291
Social 0.02 .890
Emotional 0.63 .426
Childcare 30.11 < .001
Other 0.09 .769

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 35.51 < .001
House 61.89 < .001
Utilities 40.29 < .001
Healthcare 4.17 .041
Social 0.23 .630
Emotional 0.25 .617
Childcare 2.33 .127
Other 0.18 .668

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 352.38 < .001
House 484.85 < .001
Utilities 897.98 < .001
Healthcare 11.06 .001
Social 157.89 < .001
Emotional 225.10 < .001
Childcare 41.47 < .001
Other 77.23 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 412.03 < .001
House 578.26 < .001
Utilities 1027.58 < .001
Healthcare 26.80 < .001
Social 188.98 < .001
Emotional 256.21 < .001
Childcare 40.96 < .001
Other 89.94 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 371.53 < .001
House 505.26 < .001
Utilities 925.65 < .001
Healthcare 15.96 .001
Social 168.69 < .001
Emotional 232.80 < .001
Childcare 72.50 < .001
Other 79.28 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 374.96 < .001
House 512.97 < .001
Utilities 913.65 < .001
Healthcare 15.76 .001
Social 178.10 < .001
Emotional 244.13 < .001
Childcare 45.45 < .001
Other 80.14 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 368.32 < .001
House 496.11 < .001
Utilities 900.13 < .001
Healthcare 41.55 < .001
Social 165.99 < .001
Emotional 225.44 < .001
Childcare 53.29 < .001
Other 82.11 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4784)\)
  • 1 \((N = 800)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1061)\)
  • 3 \((N = 857)\)
  • 4 \((N = 488)\)
  • 5 \((N = 234)\)
  • 6 \((N = 110)\)
  • 7 \((N = 51)\)
  • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 34.75 < .001
1 2.01 .157
2 8.62 .003
3 5.81 .016
4 2.51 .113
5 0.14 .708
6 4.74 .029

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.09 .079
1 0.09 .763
2 6.32 .012
3 0.04 .836
4 0.18 .674
5 0.69 .406
6 0.51 .475

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.42 < .001
1 0.01 .917
2 0.26 .608
3 1.20 .274
4 10.39 .001
5 1.80 .180
6 1.36 .243

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 2.84 .092
1 1.18 .278
2 0.04 .843
3 2.07 .150
4 0.22 .639
5 0.01 .915
6 0.26 .613

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 59.76 < .001
1 31.08 < .001
2 7.59 .006
3 3.85 .050
4 1.90 .168
5 0.51 .475
6 1.34 .247

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 70.59 < .001
1 18.37 < .001
2 17.48 < .001
3 15.62 < .001
4 0.05 .829
5 0.92 .338
6 0.07 .790

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 993.76 < .001
1 103.33 < .001
2 195.40 < .001
3 167.16 < .001
4 97.40 < .001
5 36.68 < .001
6 28.16 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1114.21 < .001
1 110.44 < .001
2 238.23 < .001
3 187.27 < .001
4 107.88 < .001
5 46.83 < .001
6 41.00 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1027.69 < .001
1 113.01 < .001
2 198.47 < .001
3 183.97 < .001
4 101.71 < .001
5 39.63 < .001
6 33.49 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.001
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.657
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1028.83 < .001
1 116.96 < .001
2 205.54 < .001
3 172.99 < .001
4 100.44 < .001
5 44.81 < .001
6 34.24 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.572
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1028.83 < .001
1 116.96 < .001
2 205.54 < .001
3 172.99 < .001
4 100.44 < .001
5 44.81 < .001
6 34.24 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 34.75 < .001
1+ 34.75 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 3.09 .079
1+ 3.09 .079

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.42 < .001
1+ 12.42 < .001

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 2.84 .092
1+ 2.84 .092

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 59.76 < .001
1+ 59.76 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 70.59 < .001
1+ 70.59 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 993.76 < .001
1+ 993.76 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1114.21 < .001
1+ 1114.21 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1027.69 < .001
1+ 1027.69 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.838
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1028.83 < .001
1+ 1028.83 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.108
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1028.83 < .001
1+ 1028.83 < .001