Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 8390 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and November 21, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 5.89% are Black/African American, 11.75% are LatinX, and 20.95% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2235)\)
• No \((N = 4973)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 975)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 188)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.10	.755
Intend to apply	0.88	.347
No	6.84	.009
Yes	5.32	.021

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.27	.607
Intend to apply	0.00	.982
No	1.68	.195
Yes	3.58	.059

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.21	.649
Intend to apply	3.71	.054
No	2.54	.111
Yes	0.48	.489

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.23	.633
Intend to apply	0.18	.674
No	0.03	.864
Yes	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.97	.161
Intend to apply	12.94	< .001
No	43.36	< .001
Yes	50.72	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	.954
Intend to apply	0.39	.532
No	2.44	.119
Yes	2.00	.157

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	36.73	< .001
Intend to apply	23.25	< .001
No	836.19	< .001
Yes	1229.62	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	38.56	< .001
Intend to apply	28.45	< .001
No	936.48	< .001
Yes	1343.50	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	37.81	< .001
Intend to apply	34.39	< .001
No	858.20	< .001
Yes	1244.77	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	39.86	< .001
Intend to apply	25.44	< .001
No	848.83	< .001
Yes	1251.96	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	39.86	< .001
Intend to apply	25.44	< .001
No	848.83	< .001
Yes	1251.96	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.64	-6.48	1.21	.535
Didn’t Qualify - No	5.36	3.67	7.05	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.27	-5.12	-1.42	.003
Intend to apply - No	7.99	4.41	11.58	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.63	-4.30	3.03	.987
No - Yes	-8.63	-9.86	-7.40	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1137)\)
• Food \((N = 1531)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 456)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 185)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 38)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 138)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 56)\)
• Other \((N = 21)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.27	.602
Food	7.20	.007
Income	0.70	.403
Disability	0.53	.466
Military pension	1.45	.228
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.42	.516
Military	0.20	.656
Housing	0.57	.452
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.24	.626

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.00	> .999
Food	1.25	.265
Income	0.55	.460
Disability	3.88	.049
Military pension	0.00	.998
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.99	.319
Military	0.69	.405
Housing	0.34	.558
Childcare	3.84	.050
Other	0.00	> .999

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.77	.096
Food	0.78	.378
Income	9.13	.003
Disability	1.33	.249
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.27	.605
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.03	.872
Housing	0.00	> .999
Childcare	4.26	.039
Other	0.00	> .999

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.23	.040
Food	1.04	.307
Income	5.78	.016
Disability	0.00	.985
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	.971
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	1.43	.231
Housing	0.04	.848
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.00	.945

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	8.78	.003
Food	52.35	< .001
Income	10.32	.001
Disability	10.17	.001
Military pension	0.69	.408
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	2.27	.132
Housing	0.00	.996
Childcare	9.80	.002
Other	0.01	.913

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.53	.465
Food	3.94	.047
Income	0.46	.496
Disability	0.35	.552
Military pension	0.07	.787
Military disability	0.52	.471
Military medical	0.00	.963
Military	0.02	.892
Housing	0.86	.355
Childcare	1.56	.211
Other	0.18	.671

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	559.35	< .001
Food	1238.39	< .001
Income	109.94	< .001
Disability	138.14	< .001
Military disability	0.03	.856
Military medical	0.06	.805
Military	1.07	.301
Housing	29.65	< .001
Childcare	18.61	< .001
Other	2.62	.106

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	603.77	< .001
Food	1335.23	< .001
Income	230.12	< .001
Disability	162.43	< .001
Military disability	2.04	.564
Military medical	1.54	.673
Military	2.88	.411
Housing	35.01	< .001
Childcare	28.10	< .001
Other	4.71	.194

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	564.89	< .001
Food	1253.43	< .001
Income	118.83	< .001
Disability	148.83	< .001
Military disability	1.00	.801
Military medical	1.20	.753
Military	4.47	.215
Housing	32.70	< .001
Childcare	22.01	< .001
Other	3.91	.272

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	587.17	< .001
Food	1247.87	< .001
Income	114.82	< .001
Disability	150.40	< .001
Military disability	9.82	.020
Military medical	1.53	.676
Military	3.07	.381
Housing	35.99	< .001
Childcare	27.29	< .001
Other	7.32	.062

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	580.19	< .001
Food	1228.83	< .001
Income	111.55	< .001
Disability	139.45	< .001
Military disability	1.36	.715
Military medical	2.42	.490
Military	1.36	.715
Housing	29.55	< .001
Childcare	20.00	< .001
Other	4.02	.259

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3039)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 213)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 353)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 108)\)
• Other \((N = 52)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.27	.601
No, not expected	0.06	.812
Other	0.03	.873
Unsure	0.33	.566
Yes	0.07	.787

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.06	.804
No, not expected	16.97	< .001
Other	0.37	.543
Unsure	0.00	.955
Yes	11.57	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.16	.691
No, not expected	0.82	.366
Other	0.11	.737
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	1.31	.252

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.27	.607
No, not expected	10.19	.001
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	0.15	.697
Yes	8.51	.004

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	8.50	.004
No, not expected	1.04	.307
Other	0.02	.901
Unsure	12.58	< .001
Yes	4.88	.027

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.21	.648
No, not expected	6.48	.011
Other	0.00	> .999
Unsure	4.27	.039
Yes	6.44	.011

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.06	.804
No, not expected	0.12	.732
Other	19.62	< .001
Unsure	8.84	.003
Yes	5.61	.018

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.90	.594
No, not expected	1.65	.649
Other	21.38	< .001
Unsure	14.71	.002
Yes	6.64	.084

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	7.02	.071
No, not expected	1.54	.674
Other	21.29	< .001
Unsure	26.55	< .001
Yes	12.20	.007

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.76	.860
No, not expected	5.99	.112
Other	21.08	< .001
Unsure	11.15	.011
Yes	10.43	.015

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.76	.860
No, not expected	5.99	.112
Other	21.08	< .001
Unsure	11.15	.011
Yes	10.43	.015

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.31	-4.00	4.62	> .999
No, expected - Other	-4.58	-12.27	3.10	.769
No, expected - Unsure	3.53	-2.34	9.40	.764
No, expected - Yes	0.45	-3.07	3.97	.999
No, not expected - Other	-4.89	-12.27	2.48	.691
No, not expected - Unsure	3.22	-2.24	8.68	.777
No, not expected - Yes	0.14	-2.65	2.93	> .999
Other - Unsure	8.11	-0.27	16.50	.319
Other - Yes	5.04	-1.91	11.98	.614
Unsure - Yes	-3.08	-7.94	1.79	.728

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3680)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3567)\)
• Has increased \((N = 1099)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.47	.019
Increased	7.36	.007
Stayed the same	0.25	.616

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.03	.311
Increased	0.55	.459
Stayed the same	2.37	.124

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.08	.043
Increased	0.98	.323
Stayed the same	1.78	.182

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.54	.060
Increased	1.78	.182
Stayed the same	0.94	.333

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	16.44	< .001
Increased	3.64	.056
Stayed the same	6.78	.009

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	28.88	< .001
Increased	1.33	.248
Stayed the same	20.27	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	115.38	< .001
Increased	2.35	.126
Stayed the same	141.41	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	261.14	< .001
Increased	15.08	.002
Stayed the same	237.95	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	114.09	< .001
Increased	6.04	.110
Stayed the same	141.41	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	123.09	< .001
Increased	3.35	.340
Stayed the same	146.85	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	123.09	< .001
Increased	3.35	.340
Stayed the same	146.85	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	6.14	4.48	7.80	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.29	7.16	9.42	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.15	0.49	3.82	.030

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-5.75	-8.98	-2.51	.002
Stayed the same	-2.24	-5.94	1.46	.374
Increased	-4.60	-11.42	2.23	.374

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-3.40	-5.82	-0.98	.018
Stayed the same	0.44	-2.33	3.20	> .999
Increased	-1.42	-6.51	3.68	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	6.83	4.76	8.90	< .001
Stayed the same	3.43	1.02	5.84	.005
Increased	8.49	4.28	12.71	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	8.99	6.16	11.83	< .001
Stayed the same	10.29	7.06	13.52	< .001
Increased	8.58	3.33	13.84	.001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	1.38	-0.57	3.32	.348
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.24	3.91	6.57	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.87	1.92	5.82	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-7.56	-11.40	-3.71	< .001
Stayed the same	-5.92	-10.33	-1.50	.017
Increased	-0.24	-8.20	7.72	.953

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-1.25	-4.14	1.63	.788
Stayed the same	3.12	-0.17	6.41	.190
Increased	1.28	-4.68	7.24	.788

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	4.04	1.55	6.53	.003
Stayed the same	4.60	1.75	7.44	.003
Increased	11.63	6.83	16.43	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	13.88	10.51	17.26	< .001
Stayed the same	16.80	12.99	20.60	< .001
Increased	12.86	6.78	18.94	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.75	2.23	5.27	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	6.77	5.74	7.81	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.02	1.50	4.54	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-6.67	-9.63	-3.71	< .001
Stayed the same	-4.25	-7.67	-0.83	.030
Increased	-2.42	-8.57	3.72	.440

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	-2.27	-4.48	-0.06	.134
Stayed the same	1.79	-0.76	4.35	.339
Increased	-0.03	-4.62	4.55	.989

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	5.43	3.53	7.32	< .001
Stayed the same	3.99	1.77	6.21	< .001
Increased	10.07	6.34	13.80	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased	11.40	8.81	13.98	< .001
Stayed the same	13.44	10.48	16.41	< .001
Increased	10.71	6.01	15.41	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2451)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 4230)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1267)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 434)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	24.24	< .001
Minor	0.08	.776
Major	22.30	< .001
Extreme	2.52	.112

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	5.65	.017
Minor	0.01	.917
Major	1.54	.215
Extreme	6.22	.013

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.27	.132
Minor	0.00	.992
Major	4.49	.034
Extreme	0.18	.675

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.91	.088
Minor	0.02	.880
Major	4.38	.036
Extreme	0.08	.776

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	32.15	< .001
Minor	0.00	> .999
Major	12.35	< .001
Extreme	32.72	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	53.79	< .001
Minor	15.54	< .001
Major	12.63	< .001
Extreme	0.01	.914

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	558.75	< .001
Minor	1.23	.268
Major	339.65	< .001
Extreme	252.40	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	643.66	< .001
Minor	39.57	< .001
Major	442.29	< .001
Extreme	345.43	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	575.50	< .001
Minor	5.48	.140
Major	347.58	< .001
Extreme	267.98	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.079
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.229
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	587.21	< .001
Minor	13.02	.005
Major	341.98	< .001
Extreme	266.81	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.079
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.229
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	587.21	< .001
Minor	13.02	.005
Major	341.98	< .001
Extreme	266.81	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.95	-11.11	-8.79	< .001
None - Major	-21.90	-23.49	-20.32	< .001
None - Extreme	-31.86	-34.25	-29.47	< .001
Minor - Major	-11.95	-13.42	-10.49	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-21.91	-24.22	-19.60	< .001
Major - Extreme	-9.96	-12.50	-7.41	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.52	-8.45	1.41	.214
Major	-3.93	-8.70	0.84	.214
Minor	-7.12	-10.17	-4.07	< .001
Extreme	-9.84	-17.27	-2.42	.029

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-0.21	-3.63	3.21	.905
Major	-4.05	-7.57	-0.54	.096
Minor	-1.81	-4.07	0.45	.263
Extreme	-6.38	-13.68	0.92	.263

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-2.59	-6.20	1.01	.635
Major	2.09	-1.08	5.26	.635
Minor	0.51	-1.47	2.49	> .999
Extreme	-1.12	-7.80	5.55	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	5.63	0.91	10.35	.039
Major	6.47	2.68	10.25	.003
Minor	6.86	4.21	9.50	< .001
Extreme	5.60	-0.99	12.20	.097

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.42	-10.83	-8.01	< .001
None - Major	-16.62	-18.54	-14.71	< .001
None - Extreme	-21.34	-24.22	-18.45	< .001
Minor - Major	-7.20	-8.98	-5.43	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-11.92	-14.71	-9.12	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.71	-7.80	-1.63	.015

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-2.56	-8.39	3.26	.493
Major	-8.42	-14.72	-2.13	.026
Minor	-9.32	-13.04	-5.60	< .001
Extreme	-5.54	-14.89	3.81	.493

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	4.07	0.07	8.06	.184
Major	-0.88	-5.56	3.81	> .999
Minor	0.08	-2.68	2.85	> .999
Extreme	-8.99	-18.20	0.23	.184

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	3.45	-0.77	7.67	.439
Major	1.52	-2.65	5.70	> .999
Minor	0.32	-2.08	2.72	> .999
Extreme	2.30	-6.30	10.90	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	10.76	5.21	16.32	< .001
Major	12.81	7.80	17.82	< .001
Minor	12.98	9.77	16.18	< .001
Extreme	16.59	8.49	24.69	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.70	-10.77	-8.63	< .001
None - Major	-19.28	-20.73	-17.82	< .001
None - Extreme	-26.62	-28.81	-24.43	< .001
Minor - Major	-9.58	-10.92	-8.23	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-16.92	-19.04	-14.80	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.34	-9.68	-5.00	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	-3.36	-7.78	1.06	.137
Major	-6.17	-10.79	-1.55	.027
Minor	-8.24	-11.04	-5.43	< .001
Extreme	-7.70	-14.53	-0.86	.056

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	1.96	-1.11	5.03	.480
Major	-2.45	-5.87	0.97	.480
Minor	-0.83	-2.91	1.25	.480
Extreme	-7.58	-14.25	-0.90	.107

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	0.35	-2.89	3.60	> .999
Major	1.79	-1.26	4.85	> .999
Minor	0.39	-1.41	2.20	> .999
Extreme	0.59	-5.58	6.77	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None	8.00	3.76	12.24	< .001
Major	9.61	5.95	13.27	< .001
Minor	9.89	7.46	12.31	< .001
Extreme	11.08	5.11	17.06	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5921)\)
• Yes \((N = 2463)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	10.02	.002
Yes	10.02	.002

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	3.34	.068
Yes	3.34	.068

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0.35	.554
Yes	0.35	.554

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	4.69	.030
Yes	4.69	.030

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.32	.251
Yes	1.32	.251

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	20.56	< .001
Yes	20.56	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	57.25	< .001
Yes	57.25	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	96.25	< .001
Yes	96.25	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	68.31	< .001
Yes	68.31	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	70.95	< .001
Yes	70.95	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	70.95	< .001
Yes	70.95	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-7.83	-8.98	-6.67	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 6617)\)
• Yes \((N = 746)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.47	.063
Yes	3.47	.063

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.06	.809
Yes	0.06	.809

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.46	.498
Yes	0.46	.498

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.35	.246
Yes	1.35	.246

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.07	.791
Yes	0.07	.791

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	20.88	< .001
Yes	20.88	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	44.15	< .001
Yes	44.15	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	81.93	< .001
Yes	81.93	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	51.2	< .001
Yes	51.2	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	53.67	< .001
Yes	53.67	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	53.67	< .001
Yes	53.67	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.76	-13.63	-9.89	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 174)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 157)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 265)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1887)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 161)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 174)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 430)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.39	.122
Time away from work	0.03	.860
Inability find childcare	0.24	.623
Concern for covid	1.87	.172
Caring for family	0.47	.495
Vaccine hesitancy	0.11	.740
Other	19.88	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.07	.791
Time away from work	1.76	.184
Inability find childcare	1.47	.225
Concern for covid	2.51	.113
Caring for family	0.72	.396
Vaccine hesitancy	0.51	.474
Other	0.10	.752

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.93	.165
Time away from work	2.15	.143
Inability find childcare	0.57	.450
Concern for covid	0.62	.430
Caring for family	8.38	.004
Vaccine hesitancy	0.73	.393
Other	2.48	.115

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.951
Time away from work	0.08	.779
Inability find childcare	0.00	> .999
Concern for covid	0.35	.556
Caring for family	0.45	.503
Vaccine hesitancy	0.14	.708
Other	9.96	.002

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.02	.889
Time away from work	6.45	.011
Inability find childcare	1.53	.216
Concern for covid	3.86	.050
Caring for family	3.14	.076
Vaccine hesitancy	2.23	.136
Other	8.16	.004

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	4.09	.043
Time away from work	1.63	.202
Inability find childcare	2.31	.129
Concern for covid	31.14	< .001
Caring for family	0.71	.400
Vaccine hesitancy	0.00	> .999
Other	6.35	.012

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	12.42	< .001
Time away from work	10.56	.001
Inability find childcare	45.82	< .001
Concern for covid	48.86	< .001
Caring for family	31.74	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	17.97	< .001
Other	0.60	.438

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	19.01	< .001
Time away from work	17.21	.001
Inability find childcare	58.09	< .001
Concern for covid	75.86	< .001
Caring for family	52.70	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	31.32	< .001
Other	6.71	.082

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	14.19	.003
Time away from work	19.58	< .001
Inability find childcare	49.35	< .001
Concern for covid	60.64	< .001
Caring for family	34.61	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	21.34	< .001
Other	9.49	.023

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.62	.003
Time away from work	12.67	.005
Inability find childcare	49.38	< .001
Concern for covid	71.60	< .001
Caring for family	35.68	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.34	< .001
Other	6.14	.105

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	17.09	.001
Time away from work	11.47	.009
Inability find childcare	49.95	< .001
Concern for covid	53.31	< .001
Caring for family	34.65	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.31	< .001
Other	18.75	< .001

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2462)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1187)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3428)\)
• Unsure \((N = 352)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.94	.332
No, not eligible	7.34	.007
Unsure	0.06	.814
Yes	12.54	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.85	.016
No, not eligible	3.60	.058
Unsure	0.43	.510
Yes	0.18	.669

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.41	.020
No, not eligible	24.08	< .001
Unsure	0.07	.798
Yes	10.45	.001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.39	.534
No, not eligible	0.51	.475
Unsure	0.39	.534
Yes	2.51	.113

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.82	.051
No, not eligible	84.28	< .001
Unsure	0.41	.521
Yes	73.42	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	9.45	.002
No, not eligible	72.26	< .001
Unsure	3.64	.056
Yes	33.06	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.22	.642
No, not eligible	1320.86	< .001
Unsure	12.22	< .001
Yes	1440.95	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.34	.148
No, not eligible	1384.72	< .001
Unsure	22.53	< .001
Yes	1489.10	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	12.19	.007
No, not eligible	1345.53	< .001
Unsure	13.06	.005
Yes	1452.41	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	11.98	.007
No, not eligible	1352.62	< .001
Unsure	14.90	.002
Yes	1459.00	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	11.98	.007
No, not eligible	1352.62	< .001
Unsure	14.90	.002
Yes	1459.00	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.75	0.11	3.40	.156
No, know how - Unsure	-3.51	-6.47	-0.55	.093
No, know how - Yes	-3.48	-5.20	-1.76	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-5.26	-7.99	-2.53	.001
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.23	-6.52	-3.94	< .001
Unsure - Yes	0.03	-2.75	2.81	> .999

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1303)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1856)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1303)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1312)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 115)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 497)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.99	.158
No, didn’t know how	1.82	.177
No, not available	10.71	.001
No, planned	1.27	.260
Yes	15.06	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.95	.162
No, didn’t know how	0.85	.357
No, not available	3.39	.066
No, planned	0.82	.364
Yes	12.66	< .001

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.37	.067
No, didn’t know how	0.97	.324
No, not available	13.86	< .001
No, planned	1.93	.165
Yes	2.78	.095

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.91	.088
No, didn’t know how	2.61	.106
No, not available	2.14	.143
No, planned	1.01	.315
Yes	0.64	.425

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.68	.031
No, didn’t know how	1.09	.297
No, not available	19.53	< .001
No, planned	12.85	< .001
Yes	9.29	.002

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.35	.557
No, didn’t know how	4.25	.039
No, not available	49.77	< .001
No, planned	57.25	< .001
Yes	1.26	.262

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.12	.727
No, didn’t know how	15.13	< .001
No, not available	528.29	< .001
No, planned	222.68	< .001
Yes	116.33	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.12	.727
No, didn’t know how	15.13	< .001
No, not available	528.29	< .001
No, planned	222.68	< .001
Yes	116.33	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.96	.581
No, didn’t know how	17.34	.001
No, not available	564.91	< .001
No, planned	243.95	< .001
Yes	120.24	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	9.42	.024
No, didn’t know how	18.95	< .001
No, not available	531.41	< .001
No, planned	227.05	< .001
Yes	121.33	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.18	.535
No, didn’t know how	19.70	< .001
No, not available	541.03	< .001
No, planned	258.27	< .001
Yes	117.21	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.18	.535
No, didn’t know how	19.70	< .001
No, not available	541.03	< .001
No, planned	258.27	< .001
Yes	117.21	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	2.93	-2.11	7.97	.786
(N/A) - No, not available	-0.32	-2.78	2.14	.999
(N/A) - No, planned	4.32	1.76	6.89	.009
(N/A) - Yes	4.90	2.33	7.47	.002
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	-3.25	-7.93	1.43	.653
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.40	-3.34	6.14	.978
No, didn’t know how - Yes	1.97	-2.77	6.71	.926
No, not available - No, planned	4.65	2.89	6.41	< .001
No, not available - Yes	5.22	3.46	6.99	< .001
No, planned - Yes	0.58	-1.33	2.48	.976

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 649)\)
• Hard \((N = 894)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4678)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	34.74	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.78	.001
Hard	5.77	.016
Very hard	7.64	.006

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	2.84	.092
Somewhat hard	0.22	.637
Hard	0.04	.833
Very hard	6.96	.008

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	11.51	.001
Somewhat hard	8.09	.004
Hard	0.20	.657
Very hard	1.03	.310

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	3.50	.061
Somewhat hard	0.44	.505
Hard	6.21	.013
Very hard	0.22	.637

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	61.86	< .001
Somewhat hard	19.59	< .001
Hard	8.80	.003
Very hard	14.71	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	70.10	< .001
Somewhat hard	32.32	< .001
Hard	13.74	< .001
Very hard	3.48	.062

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1023.00	< .001
Somewhat hard	208.80	< .001
Hard	256.05	< .001
Very hard	321.91	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1149.36	< .001
Somewhat hard	247.31	< .001
Hard	278.71	< .001
Very hard	404.75	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1055.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	220.70	< .001
Hard	273.16	< .001
Very hard	324.83	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1057.84	< .001
Somewhat hard	224.67	< .001
Hard	267.39	< .001
Very hard	328.89	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1057.84	< .001
Somewhat hard	224.67	< .001
Hard	267.39	< .001
Very hard	328.89	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.18	-11.39	-8.98	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.64	-18.33	-14.95	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-24.83	-26.77	-22.89	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.46	-8.30	-4.62	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-14.65	-16.72	-12.58	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.19	-10.57	-5.80	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-4.46	-7.88	-1.05	.031
Very hard	-4.24	-10.81	2.34	.414
Somewhat hard	-8.74	-12.58	-4.91	< .001
Hard	-3.66	-9.39	2.08	.414

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-1.95	-4.36	0.47	.228
Very hard	-6.38	-11.68	-1.09	.074
Somewhat hard	-1.58	-4.58	1.42	.303
Hard	-4.14	-8.41	0.13	.173

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.59	-2.91	1.74	> .999
Very hard	-1.57	-6.61	3.46	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.10	-2.74	2.54	> .999
Hard	4.15	0.15	8.14	.169

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	4.29	1.01	7.57	.021
Very hard	5.28	0.21	10.34	.042
Somewhat hard	7.28	3.95	10.62	< .001
Hard	6.16	1.70	10.62	.021

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.87	-10.31	-7.43	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-13.31	-15.33	-11.28	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-17.31	-19.63	-14.98	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-4.43	-6.64	-2.23	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-8.44	-10.92	-5.95	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-4.00	-6.87	-1.14	.031

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.30	-9.34	-1.26	.030
Very hard	-4.66	-13.28	3.96	.290
Somewhat hard	-10.87	-15.57	-6.17	< .001
Hard	-7.52	-14.92	-0.12	.093

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.97	0.13	5.82	.122
Very hard	-9.41	-16.38	-2.45	.033
Somewhat hard	-1.53	-5.22	2.16	.833
Hard	0.18	-5.39	5.75	.949

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	3.24	0.52	5.95	.078
Very hard	4.63	-2.05	11.31	.524
Somewhat hard	-1.53	-4.76	1.69	.659
Hard	-2.60	-7.82	2.62	.659

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	10.64	6.79	14.48	< .001
Very hard	14.38	7.82	20.94	< .001
Somewhat hard	13.40	9.31	17.49	< .001
Hard	12.53	6.78	18.29	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.53	-10.63	-8.43	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.00	-16.54	-13.45	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-21.08	-22.85	-19.30	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.47	-7.15	-3.78	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.55	-13.44	-9.65	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-6.08	-8.27	-3.90	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.04	-8.12	-1.96	.004
Very hard	-4.46	-10.62	1.71	.157
Somewhat hard	-9.80	-13.37	-6.23	< .001
Hard	-5.61	-11.07	-0.16	.088

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.52	-1.66	2.71	.835
Very hard	-7.83	-12.77	-2.90	.008
Somewhat hard	-1.55	-4.35	1.25	.835
Hard	-1.88	-5.95	2.18	.835

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.29	-0.80	3.38	.903
Very hard	1.53	-3.21	6.28	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.81	-3.25	1.63	> .999
Hard	0.71	-3.11	4.53	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	7.36	4.41	10.32	< .001
Very hard	9.82	5.11	14.52	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.29	7.19	13.39	< .001
Hard	9.27	5.04	13.49	< .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1801)\)
• Housing \((N = 1953)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 884)\)
• Social \((N = 767)\)
• Emotional \((N = 847)\)
• Childcare \((N = 786)\)
• Other \((N = 245)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	7.38	.007
House	12.45	< .001
Utilities	35.47	< .001
Healthcare	29.81	< .001
Social	0.08	.772
Emotional	0.43	.513
Childcare	15.42	< .001
Other	1.91	.166

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.19	.662
House	0.12	.730
Utilities	11.98	.001
Healthcare	0.73	.394
Social	0.93	.335
Emotional	0.03	.868
Childcare	0.00	.988
Other	0.00	> .999

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	9.27	.002
House	3.51	.061
Utilities	3.21	.073
Healthcare	28.84	< .001
Social	1.64	.200
Emotional	3.78	.052
Childcare	15.79	< .001
Other	0.37	.545

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.00	.969
House	7.03	.008
Utilities	2.27	.131
Healthcare	0.26	.613
Social	0.20	.657
Emotional	1.23	.268
Childcare	0.71	.399
Other	0.96	.326

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	21.95	< .001
House	21.75	< .001
Utilities	30.27	< .001
Healthcare	1.12	.291
Social	0.02	.890
Emotional	0.63	.426
Childcare	30.11	< .001
Other	0.09	.769

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	35.51	< .001
House	61.89	< .001
Utilities	40.29	< .001
Healthcare	4.17	.041
Social	0.23	.630
Emotional	0.25	.617
Childcare	2.33	.127
Other	0.18	.668

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	352.38	< .001
House	484.85	< .001
Utilities	897.98	< .001
Healthcare	11.06	.001
Social	157.89	< .001
Emotional	225.10	< .001
Childcare	41.47	< .001
Other	77.23	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	412.03	< .001
House	578.26	< .001
Utilities	1027.58	< .001
Healthcare	26.80	< .001
Social	188.98	< .001
Emotional	256.21	< .001
Childcare	40.96	< .001
Other	89.94	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	371.53	< .001
House	505.26	< .001
Utilities	925.65	< .001
Healthcare	15.96	.001
Social	168.69	< .001
Emotional	232.80	< .001
Childcare	72.50	< .001
Other	79.28	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	374.96	< .001
House	512.97	< .001
Utilities	913.65	< .001
Healthcare	15.76	.001
Social	178.10	< .001
Emotional	244.13	< .001
Childcare	45.45	< .001
Other	80.14	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	368.32	< .001
House	496.11	< .001
Utilities	900.13	< .001
Healthcare	41.55	< .001
Social	165.99	< .001
Emotional	225.44	< .001
Childcare	53.29	< .001
Other	82.11	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4784)\)
• 1 \((N = 800)\)
• 2 \((N = 1061)\)
• 3 \((N = 857)\)
• 4 \((N = 488)\)
• 5 \((N = 234)\)
• 6 \((N = 110)\)
• 7 \((N = 51)\)
• 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	34.75	< .001
1	2.01	.157
2	8.62	.003
3	5.81	.016
4	2.51	.113
5	0.14	.708
6	4.74	.029

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.09	.079
1	0.09	.763
2	6.32	.012
3	0.04	.836
4	0.18	.674
5	0.69	.406
6	0.51	.475

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.42	< .001
1	0.01	.917
2	0.26	.608
3	1.20	.274
4	10.39	.001
5	1.80	.180
6	1.36	.243

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	2.84	.092
1	1.18	.278
2	0.04	.843
3	2.07	.150
4	0.22	.639
5	0.01	.915
6	0.26	.613

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	59.76	< .001
1	31.08	< .001
2	7.59	.006
3	3.85	.050
4	1.90	.168
5	0.51	.475
6	1.34	.247

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	70.59	< .001
1	18.37	< .001
2	17.48	< .001
3	15.62	< .001
4	0.05	.829
5	0.92	.338
6	0.07	.790

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	993.76	< .001
1	103.33	< .001
2	195.40	< .001
3	167.16	< .001
4	97.40	< .001
5	36.68	< .001
6	28.16	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1114.21	< .001
1	110.44	< .001
2	238.23	< .001
3	187.27	< .001
4	107.88	< .001
5	46.83	< .001
6	41.00	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1027.69	< .001
1	113.01	< .001
2	198.47	< .001
3	183.97	< .001
4	101.71	< .001
5	39.63	< .001
6	33.49	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.001
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.657
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1028.83	< .001
1	116.96	< .001
2	205.54	< .001
3	172.99	< .001
4	100.44	< .001
5	44.81	< .001
6	34.24	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.572
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1028.83	< .001
1	116.96	< .001
2	205.54	< .001
3	172.99	< .001
4	100.44	< .001
5	44.81	< .001
6	34.24	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.12	4.8	5.43	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
3.98	3.6	4.36	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.55	4.26	4.84	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	34.75	< .001
1+	34.75	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	3.09	.079
1+	3.09	.079

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.42	< .001
1+	12.42	< .001

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	2.84	.092
1+	2.84	.092

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	59.76	< .001
1+	59.76	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	70.59	< .001
1+	70.59	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	993.76	< .001
1+	993.76	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1114.21	< .001
1+	1114.21	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1027.69	< .001
1+	1027.69	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.838
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1028.83	< .001
1+	1028.83	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.108
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1028.83	< .001
1+	1028.83	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-14.66	-15.69	-13.63	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-4.46	-7.81	-1.11	.009
1+	-6.53	-9.51	-3.55	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.16	-4.54	0.23	.077
1+	-3.10	-5.41	-0.80	.017

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.35	-2.62	1.92	.765
1+	2.49	0.42	4.56	.036

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	4.69	1.48	7.89	.004
1+	7.52	5.08	9.96	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.63	-12.86	-10.4	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.20	-9.15	-1.24	.010
1+	-8.92	-12.60	-5.24	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.69	-0.12	5.49	.122
1+	-2.37	-5.23	0.49	.122

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	3.15	0.50	5.80	.040
1+	0.60	-1.97	3.17	.648

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	10.49	6.73	14.24	< .001
1+	14.15	11.14	17.16	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-13.15	-14.1	-12.21	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-4.99	-8.0	-1.97	.001
1+	-7.73	-10.5	-4.95	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.27	-1.88	2.43	.804
1+	-2.68	-4.83	-0.53	.029

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.37	-0.67	3.41	.235
1+	1.54	-0.39	3.46	.235

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	7.49	4.61	10.38	< .001
1+	10.78	8.52	13.04	< .001